Review of Sir Thomas Herbert Travels in Africa Persia and Asia the Great

British Viceroy of Republic of india and Foreign Secretary (1859–1925)

His Excellency The Well-nigh Honourable The Marquess Curzon of Kedleston KG GCSI GCIE PC FBA
Lord Curzon, as Viceroy of Bharat
Leader of the Firm of Lords
In office iii November 1924 – 20 March 1925
Monarch	George V
Prime Minister	Stanley Baldwin
Preceded by	The Viscount Haldane
Succeeded by	The Marquess of Salisbury
In office 10 December 1916 – 22 January 1924
Monarch	George V
Prime Minister	David Lloyd George Bonar Police Stanley Baldwin
Preceded by	The Marquess of Crewe
Succeeded past	The Viscount Haldane
Secretary of Land for Foreign Affairs
In role 23 October 1919 – 22 January 1924
Monarch	George V
Prime number Minister	David Lloyd George Bonar Police force Stanley Baldwin
Preceded by	Arthur Balfour
Succeeded by	Ramsay MacDonald
Lord President of the Council
In office iii Nov 1924 – xx March 1925
Monarch	George V
Prime number Minister	Stanley Baldwin
Preceded by	The Lord Parmoor
Succeeded by	The Earl of Balfour
In function 10 December 1916 – 23 October 1919
Monarch	George V
Prime Minister	David Lloyd George
Preceded by	The Marquess of Crewe
Succeeded by	Arthur Balfour
President of the Air Board
In role 15 May 1916 – 3 January 1917
Monarch	George V
Prime number Minister	H. H. Asquith David Lloyd George
Preceded by	The Earl of Derby
Succeeded by	The Viscount Cowdray
Viceroy of India
In role 6 January 1899 – xviii November 1905
Monarch	Victoria Edward Vii
Deputy	The Lord Ampthill
Preceded past	The Earl of Elgin
Succeeded by	The Earl of Minto
Parliamentary Nether-Secretary of Land for Foreign Affairs
In part 20 June 1895 – fifteen Oct 1898
Monarch	Victoria
Prime Government minister	The Marquess of Salisbury
Preceded by	Sir Edward Gray
Succeeded by	St John Brodrick
Parliamentary Nether-Secretary of State for India
In role 9 Nov 1891 – 11 August 1892
Monarch	Victoria
Prime Minister	The Marquess of Salisbury
Preceded by	Sir John Eldon Gorst
Succeeded past	George W. E. Russell
Member of the House of Lords Lord Temporal
In office 21 Jan 1908 – twenty March 1925 Hereditary Peerage
Preceded by	The 4th Lord Kilmaine (equally Representative peer)
Succeeded past	The 2nd Baroness Ravensdale (in Barony) The 2d Viscount Scarsdale (in Viscountcy)
Member of Parliament for Southport
In office 27 July 1886 – 24 August 1898
Preceded by	George Augustus Pilkington
Succeeded by	Sir Herbert Naylor-Leyland
Personal details
Born	George Nathaniel Curzon (1859-01-11)11 January 1859 Kedleston, Derbyshire, England
Died	20 March 1925(1925-03-20) (aged 66) London, England
Political party	Bourgeois
Spouse(southward)	Mary Leiter ​ ​ (thousand. 1895; died 1906)​ Grace Duggan ​ ​ (m. 1917)​
Children	Mary Curzon, 2nd Baroness Ravensdale Lady Cynthia Mosley Lady Alexandra Curzon
Alma mater	Balliol College, Oxford

George Nathaniel Curzon, 1st Marquess Curzon of Kedleston, KG, GCSI, GCIE, PC, FBA (11 January 1859 – 20 March 1925), styled The Lord Curzon of Kedleston between 1898 and 1911 and The Earl Curzon of Kedleston between 1911 and 1921, was a British Conservative statesman who served equally Viceroy of Republic of india from 1899 to 1905. During his time as viceroy, Lord Curzon created the territory of Eastern Bengal and Assam. He resigned after a political dispute with the British military commander Lord Kitchener. During the First World War, Curzon served in the pocket-size State of war Chiffonier of Prime Minister David Lloyd George as Leader of the House of Lords (from Dec 1916), as well as the War Policy Committee. He served every bit Secretary of State for Strange Diplomacy at the Foreign Part from 1919 to 1924.

Despite his successes as both viceroy and foreign secretary, in 1923 Curzon was denied the office of prime minister. Bonar Constabulary and other Conservative Party leaders preferred to have Stanley Baldwin rather than Curzon as prime minister and these views were made known to King George V. David Gilmour, in his biography Curzon: Regal Statesman (1994), contends that Curzon deserved the peak position.

Early life [edit]

Curzon was the eldest son and the second of the 11 children of Alfred Curzon, 4th Baron Scarsdale (1831–1916), who was the Rector of Kedleston in Derbyshire. George Curzon'due south mother was Blanche (1837–1875), the daughter of Joseph Pocklington Senhouse of Netherhall in Cumberland. He was born at Kedleston Hall, built on the site where his family, who were of Norman beginnings, had lived since the 12th century. His mother, wearied past childbirth, died when George was 16; her hubby survived her past 41 years. Neither parent exerted a major influence on Curzon'south life. Scarsdale was an ascetic and unindulgent father who believed in the long-held family tradition that landowners should stay on their country and not go "roaming well-nigh all over the globe". He thus had little sympathy for those journeys across Asia between 1887 and 1895 which made his son one of the most travelled men who ever saturday in a British cabinet. A more decisive presence in Curzon's childhood was that of his roughshod, sadistic governess, Ellen Mary Paraman, whose tyranny in the plant nursery stimulated his antagonistic qualities and encouraged the obsessional side of his nature. Paraman used to beat him and periodically forced him to parade through the village wearing a conical lid bearing the words liar, sneak, and coward. Curzon later noted, "No children well born and well-placed ever cried so much and so justly."^{[1] [ folio needed ]}

He was educated at Wixenford School,^[two] Eton College,^[3] and Balliol College, Oxford.^[four] At Eton, he was a favourite of Oscar Browning, an over-intimate relationship that led to his tutor'due south dismissal.^{[5] [6]} A spinal injury incurred whilst riding during his adolescence left Curzon in lifelong pain, which often caused insomnia, and which required him to wear a metal corset for the duration of his life.^{[vii] [ page needed ]}

At Oxford, Curzon was President of the Union^[4] and Secretarial assistant of the Oxford Canning Social club (a Tory political club named for George Canning): as a consequence of the extent of his time-expenditure on political and social societies, he failed to attain a first class degree in Greats, although he subsequently won both the Lothian Prize Essay and the Arnold Prize, the latter for an essay on Sir Thomas More, well-nigh whom he confessed to having known almost nothing before commencing written report. In 1883, Curzon received the virtually prestigious fellowship at the university, a Prize Fellowship at All Souls Higher. Whilst at Eton and at Oxford, Curzon was a contemporary and shut friend of Cecil Leap Rice and Edward Grayness.^[8] However, Spring Rice contributed, alongside John William Mackail, to the composition of a famous sardonic doggerel well-nigh Curzon that was published every bit part of The Balliol Masque, about which Curzon wrote in later life "never has more than damage been done to one unmarried individual than that accursed doggerel has done to me."^[nine] It ran:

My proper noun is George Nathaniel Curzon,

I am a virtually superior person.

My cheek is pink, my hair is sleek,

I dine at Blenheim once a week.^[9]

When Leap-Rice was assigned to the British Diplomatic mission to the United States in 1894-1895, he was suspected by Curzon of trying to prevent Curzon's date to the American Mary Leiter, whom Curzon nevertheless married.^[x] All the same, Spring Rice assumed for a certainty, like many of Curzon'due south other friends, that Curzon would inevitably become Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs: he wrote to Curzon in 1891, 'When you are Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs I hope you lot volition restore the vanished glory of England, atomic number 82 the European concert, decide the fate of nations, and give me 3 months' leave instead of two'.^[11]

Early political career [edit]

Curzon became Assistant Private Secretary to Salisbury in 1885, and in 1886 entered Parliament every bit Fellow member for Southport in southward-west Lancashire.^[iv] His maiden oral communication, which was chiefly an attack on domicile dominion and Irish nationalism, was regarded in much the same way every bit his oratory at the Oxford Wedlock: brilliant and eloquent but also presumptuous and rather too self-assured. Subsequent performances in the Commons, ofttimes dealing with Republic of ireland or reform of the Firm of Lords (which he supported), received similar verdicts. He was Under-Secretary of State for India in 1891–92 and Nether-Secretary of Country for Strange Diplomacy in 1895–98.^{[12] [ page needed ]}

Asian travels and writings [edit]

In the concurrently he had travelled around the earth: Russia and Primal Asia (1888–89), a long bout of Persia (September 1889 – January 1890), Siam, French Indochina and Korea (1892), and a daring foray into Afghanistan and the Pamirs (1894). He published several books describing central and eastern Asia and related policy issues.^[4] A bold and compulsive traveller, fascinated by oriental life and geography, he was awarded the Patron's Gold Medal of the Royal Geographical Society for his exploration of the source of the Amu Darya (Oxus). His journeys allowed him to study the bug of Asia and their implications for British India, whilst reinforcing his pride in his nation and her purple mission.

Curzon believed Russia to exist the well-nigh likely threat to Bharat, Britain'south most valuable colony, from the 19th century through the early 20th century.^[thirteen] In 1879 Russia had begun construction of the Transcaspian Railway along the Silk Route, officially solely to enforce local control. The line starts from the city of Kyzyl-Su, formerly Krasnovodsk (present Turkmenbashi) (on the Caspian Sea), travels southeast forth the Karakum Desert, through Ashgabat, continues along the Kopet Dagh Mountains until it reaches Tejen. Curzon dedicated an entire chapter in his book Russian federation in Key Asia to discussing the perceived threat to British control of India.^[14] This railway connected Russian federation with the most wealthy and influential cities in Primal Asia at the time, including the Persian province of Khorasan,^[15] and would permit the rapid deployment of Russian supplies and troops into the area. Curzon also believed that the resulting greater economic interdependence between Russia and Central Asia would exist damaging to British interests.^[16]

Persia and the Persian Question, written in 1892, has been considered Curzon's magnum opus and tin can exist seen as a sequel to Russia in Central Asia. ^[17] Curzon was commissioned by The Times to write several manufactures on the Farsi political environs, but while there he decided to write a book on the country equally whole. This two-volume work covers Persia's history and governmental structure, as well as graphics, maps and pictures (some taken by Curzon himself). Curzon was aided by General Albert Houtum-Schindler and the Royal Geographical Society (RGS), both of which helped him gain access to textile to which as a foreigner he would not take been entitled to have access. Full general Schindler provided Curzon with information regarding Persia's geography and resources, as well as serving as an unofficial editor.^[18]

Curzon and his married woman and staff on a tour of the Persian Gulf in 1903

Curzon was appalled by his authorities's aloofness towards Persia as a valuable defensive buffer to Bharat from Russian inroad.^[19] Years afterward Curzon would lament that "Persia has alternatively advanced and receded in the estimation of British statesmen, occupying now a position of extravagant prominence, betimes one of unmerited obscurity."^[20]

Starting time spousal relationship (1895–1906) [edit]

In 1895 he married Mary Victoria Leiter, the daughter of Levi Ziegler Leiter, an American millionaire^[4] of German Mennonite origin and co-founder of the Chicago department shop Field & Leiter (later Marshall Field). Initially, he had just married her for her money so he could salvage his estate just ended up nursing feelings for her. Mary had a long and nearly fatal illness nearly the terminate of summer 1904, from which she never really recovered. Falling sick again in July 1906, she died on the 18th of that calendar month in her husband's artillery, at the historic period of 36.^[21] It was the greatest personal loss of his life.

She was buried in the church at Kedleston, where Curzon designed his memorial for her, a Gothic chapel added to the northward side of the nave. Although he was neither a devout nor a conventional churchman, Curzon retained a simple religious faith; in later years he sometimes said that he was not afraid of death because it would enable him to join Mary in heaven.

They had three daughters during a business firm and happy marriage: Mary Irene, who inherited her father's Barony of Ravensdale and was created a life peer in her own right; Cynthia, who became the first wife of the fascist politician Sir Oswald Mosley; and Alexandra Naldera ("Baba"), who married Edward "Fruity" Metcalfe, the best friend, best man and equerry of Edward VIII. Mosley exercised a strange fascination for the Curzon women: Irene had a brief romance with him before either were married; Baba became his mistress; and Curzon'south 2d wife, Grace, had a long thing with him.

Viceroy of India (1899–1905) [edit]

Curzon, in 1901, had famously said, "Every bit long every bit nosotros rule Bharat we are the greatest power in the world. If we lose it, nosotros shall drop straightaway to a 3rd-charge per unit power."^[22]

Curzon—procession to Sanchi Tope, 28 November 1899.

In Jan 1899 he was appointed Viceroy of Republic of india.^[four] He was created a Peer of Republic of ireland every bit Baron Curzon of Kedleston, in the County of Derby,^[23] on his appointment. As such he was ex officio Thousand Master of the Society of the Indian Empire and Order of the Star of Republic of india. This peerage was created in the Peerage of Ireland (the terminal so created) and then that he would be free, until his father'southward decease, to re-enter the House of Commons on his return to Britain.

Reaching Republic of india before long after the suppression of the frontier risings of 1897–98, he paid special attention to the contained tribes of the north-due west frontier, inaugurated a new province called the North Due west Borderland Province, and pursued a policy of forceful control mingled with conciliation. The simply major armed outbreak on this borderland during the flow of his assistants was the Mahsud–Waziri campaign of 1901.

In the context of the Smashing Game betwixt the British and Russian Empires for command of Central Asia, he held deep mistrust of Russian intentions. This led him to encourage British merchandise in Persia, and he paid a visit to the Persian Gulf in 1903. Curzon argued for an exclusive British presence in the Gulf, a policy originally proposed by John Malcolm. The British government was already making agreements with local sheiks/tribal leaders along the Persian Gulf coast to this end. Curzon had convinced his government to institute Britain as the unofficial protector of Kuwait with the Anglo-Kuwaiti Understanding of 1899. The Lansdowne Proclamation in 1903 stated that the British would counter any other European power's try to establish a military presence in the Gulf.^[24] Only four years later this position was abandoned and the Persian Gulf declared a neutral zone in the Anglo-Russian Agreement of 1907, prompted in function by the high economic cost of defending India from Russian advances.^[25]

At the end of 1903, Curzon sent a British expedition to Tibet under Francis Younghusband, ostensibly to preclude a Russian advance. After bloody conflicts with Tibet's poorly armed defenders, the mission penetrated to Lhasa, where the Treaty of Lhasa was signed in September 1904.^[26]

During his tenure, Curzon undertook the restoration of the Taj Mahal and expressed satisfaction that he had done and then. Curzon was influenced by Hindu philosophy and quoted:

India has left a deeper mark upon the history the philosophy and the religion of mankind than any other terrestrial unit in the universe.^[27]

Inside India, Curzon appointed a number of commissions to enquire into education, irrigation, law and other branches of administration, on whose reports legislation was based during his 2d term of office as viceroy. Reappointed Governor-General in August 1904, he presided over the 1905 partition of Bengal.

In 'King of beasts and the Tiger : The Rise and Fall of the British Raj, 1600-1947', Denis Judd wrote: "Curzon had hoped… to bind Bharat permanently to the Raj. Ironically, his partition of Bengal, and the bitter controversy that followed, did much to revitalize Congress. Curzon, typically, had dismissed the Congress in 1900 as 'tottering to its autumn'. But he left India with Congress more agile and effective than at any fourth dimension in its history."^[28]

Indian Army [edit]

Curzon likewise took an active interest in military matters. In 1901, he founded the Imperial Cadet Corps, or ICC. The ICC was a corps d'elite, designed to give Indian princes and aristocrats military grooming, later which a few would be given officer commissions in the Indian Army. But these commissions were "special commissions" which did not empower their holders to control whatsoever troops. Predictably, this was a major stumbling block to the ICC'south success, every bit it acquired much resentment amongst former cadets. Though the ICC closed in 1914, it was a crucial stage in the bulldoze to Indianise the Indian Army's officer Corps, which was haltingly begun in 1917.

Military machine organisation proved to be the final issue faced past Curzon in India. Information technology ofttimes involved lilliputian issues that had much to do with clashes of personality: Curzon once wrote on a certificate "I rise from the perusal of these papers filled with the sense of the ineptitude of my military directorate", and once wrote to the Commander-in-Principal in India, Kitchener, advising him that signing himself "Kitchener of Khartoum" took upwardly likewise much time and space, which Kitchener thought little (Curzon simply signed himself "Curzon" equally if he were a hereditary peer, although he later took to signing himself "Curzon of Kedleston").^[29] A difference of opinion with Kitchener, regarding the condition of the war machine member of the quango in India (who controlled army supply and logistics, which Kitchener wanted under his own control), led to a controversy in which Curzon failed to obtain the back up of the home government. He resigned in August 1905 and returned to England.

Render to Britain [edit]

Arthur Balfour'due south refusal to recommend an earldom for Curzon in 1905 was repeated past Sir Henry Campbell-Bannerman, the Liberal Prime Minister, who formed his government the day later on Curzon returned to England. In deference to the wishes of the King and the communication of his doctors, Curzon did non stand in the general election of 1906 and thus found himself excluded from public life for the first fourth dimension in xx years. It was at this time, the nadir of his career, that he suffered the greatest personal loss of his life. Mary died in 1906 and Curzon devoted himself to private matters, including establishing a new dwelling. After the expiry of Lord Goschen in 1907, the post of Chancellor of Oxford University fell vacant. Curzon successfully became elected as Chancellor of Oxford after he won by 1001 votes to 440 against Lord Rosebery.^[30] He proved to exist quite an active Chancellor – "[he] threw himself so energetically into the cause of university reform that critics complained he was ruling Oxford similar an Indian province."^[31]

House of Lords [edit]

In 1908, Curzon was elected a representative peer for Republic of ireland, and thus relinquished any idea of returning to the House of Commons.^[4] In 1909–1910 he took an active part in opposing the Liberal government's^[4] proposal to cancel the legislative veto of the House of Lords, and in 1911 was created Baron Ravensdale, of Ravensdale in the County of Derby, with rest (in default of heirs male) to his daughters, Viscount Scarsdale, of Scarsdale in the County of Derby, with rest (in default of heirs male person) to the heirs male person of his father, and Earl Curzon of Kedleston, in the Canton of Derby, with the normal remainder, all in the Peerage of the Uk.^[32]

He became involved with saving Tattershall Castle, Lincolnshire, from destruction. This feel strengthened his resolve for heritage protection. He was i of the sponsors of the Ancient Monuments Consolidation and Amendment Act 1913.^[33]

On 5 May 1914, he spoke out against a bill in the House of Lords that would have permitted women who already had the correct to vote in local elections the right to vote for members of Parliament.

First World War [edit]

Curzon joined the Cabinet, as Lord Privy Seal, when Asquith formed his coalition in May 1915. Like other politicians (e.g. Austen Chamberlain, Arthur Balfour) Curzon favoured British Empire efforts in Mesopotamia, assertive that the increase in British prestige would discourage a German-inspired Muslim revolt in India.^[34] Curzon was a member of the Dardanelles Commission and told that body (October 1915) that the recent Salonika expedition was "quixotic chivalry".^[35] Early in 1916 Curzon visited Sir Douglas Haig (newly appointed Commander-in-Primary of British forces in France) at his headquarters in France. Haig was impressed by Curzon's brains and decisiveness, and considered that he had mellowed since his days every bit Viceroy (Major-Full general Haig had been Inspector-Full general of Cavalry, India, at the fourth dimension) and had lost "his onetime pompous means".^[36] Curzon served in Lloyd George's small War Cabinet equally Leader of the Firm of Lords from December 1916, and he too served on the War Policy Committee. With Allied victory over Germany far from certain, Curzon wrote a newspaper (12 May 1917) for the War Cabinet urging that Britain seize Palestine and peradventure Syrian arab republic.^[37] Like other members of the State of war Cabinet, Curzon supported further Western Front offensives lest, with Russian commitment to the war wavering, France and Italy be tempted to make a separate peace.

Imperial War Cabinet (1917) Lord Curzon seated, tertiary from the left

At the State of war Policy Committee (3 October 1917) Curzon objected in vain to plans to redeploy two divisions to Palestine, with a view to advancing into Syria and knocking Turkey out of the war altogether. Curzon's commitment wavered somewhat as the losses of the Third Boxing of Ypres mounted.^[38] In the summer of 1917 the Primary of the Royal General Staff (CIGS) General William Robertson sent Haig a bitter description of the members of the War Cabinet, who he said were all frightened of Lloyd George; he described Curzon equally "a gasbag". During the crunch of February 1918, Curzon was one of the few members of the government to support Robertson, threatening in vain to resign if he were removed.^[39] Despite his opposition to women's suffrage (he had been co-president of the National League for Opposing Woman Suffrage), the Business firm of Lords voted conclusively in its favour.

2nd spousal relationship (1917) [edit]

Grace Elvina, second wife

Subsequently a long affair with the romantic novelist Elinor Glyn, Curzon married the former Grace Elvina Hinds in January 1917. She was the wealthy Alabama-born widow of Alfredo Huberto Duggan (died 1915), a first-generation Irish Argentinian appointed to the Argentine Legation in London in 1905. Elinor Glyn was staying with Curzon at the time of the date and read nearly it in the morning newspapers.

Grace had three children from her kickoff marriage, ii sons, Alfred and Hubert, and a daughter, Grace Lucille. Alfred and Hubert, equally Curzon'due south footstep-sons, grew up within his influential circle. Curzon had three daughters from his offset union, merely he and Grace (despite fertility-related operations and several miscarriages) did not take any children together, which put a strain on their marriage. Letters written between them in the early 1920s imply that they still lived together, and remained devoted to each other. In 1923, Curzon was passed over for the office of Prime Minister partly on the communication of Arthur Balfour, who joked that Curzon "has lost the hope of glory but he withal possesses the ways of Grace" (a humorous innuendo to the well known "General Thanksgiving" prayer of the Church building of England, which thanks God for "the means of grace, and for the promise of celebrity").^[40]

In 1917, Curzon bought Bodiam Castle in East Sussex, a 14th-century edifice that had been gutted during the English language Civil War. He restored information technology extensively, then bequeathed it to the National Trust.^[41]

Foreign Secretary (1919–24) [edit]

Statue of Curzon in forepart of the Calcutta Victoria Memorial

Relations with Lloyd George [edit]

Curzon did not have David Lloyd George's support. Curzon and Lloyd George had disliked one another since the 1911 Parliament Crisis. The Prime number Minister idea him overly pompous and self-important, and it was said that he used him as if he were using a Rolls-Royce to deliver a parcel to the station; Lloyd George said much later that Churchill treated his Ministers in a way that Lloyd George would never have treated his: "They were all men of substance — well, except Curzon."^{[42] [ folio needed ]} Multiple drafts of resignation letters written at this time were found upon Curzon's decease. Despite their antagonism, the two were oft in understanding on regime policy.^[43] Lloyd George needed the wealth of knowledge Curzon possessed then was both his biggest critic and, simultaneously, his largest supporter. Besides, Curzon was grateful for the leeway he was allowed past Lloyd George when information technology came to handling diplomacy in the Eye East.^[44]

Other cabinet ministers besides respected his vast knowledge of Central Asia merely disliked his arrogance and often blunt criticism. Believing that the Foreign Secretary should exist non-partisan, he would objectively nowadays all the information on a subject to the Cabinet, every bit if placing faith in his colleagues to reach the appropriate decision. Conversely, Curzon would accept personally and reply aggressively to whatsoever criticism.^[45]

It has been suggested that Curzon'due south defensiveness reflected institutional insecurity past the Foreign Function as a whole. During the 1920s the Strange Part was oft a passive participant in decisions which were mainly reactive and dominated by the Prime number Minister.^[46] The creation of the job of Colonial Secretary, the Cabinet Secretariat and the League of Nations added to the Foreign Office'southward insecurity.^[47]

Policy nether Lloyd George [edit]

The territorial changes of Poland. Light bluish line: Curzon Line "B" as proposed past Lord Curzon in 1919. Nighttime blue line: "Curzon" Line "A" as proposed by the Soviet Marriage in 1940. Pink: Formerly German provinces annexed by Poland after World State of war 2. Grey: Pre–World War II Polish territory e of the Curzon Line annexed by the Soviet Matrimony later on the war.

After nine months every bit acting Secretary while Balfour was at the Paris Peace Briefing,^[48] Curzon was appointed Foreign Secretarial assistant in October 1919. He gave his name to the British government'due south proposed Soviet-Polish purlieus, the Curzon Line of December 1919. Although during the subsequent Russo-Shine War, Poland conquered basis in the east, later on World War II, Poland was shifted westwards, leaving the border betwixt Poland and its eastern neighbours today approximately at the Curzon Line.^[49]

Curzon was largely responsible for the Peace Day ceremonies on 19 July 1919. These included the plaster Cenotaph, designed by the noted British architect Sir Edwin Lutyens, for the Allied Victory parade in London. It was so successful that it was reproduced in rock, and yet stands.

In 1918, during Earth War I, as Britain occupied Mesopotamia (mod Iraq), Curzon tried to convince the Indian government to reconsider his scheme for Persia (Iran) to be a buffer against Russian advances.^[50] British and Indian troops were in Persia protecting the oilfields at Abadan and watching the Afghan borderland – Curzon believed that British economic and military machine aid, sent via India, could prop up the Persian government and brand her a British client state. However, the understanding of August 1919 was never ratified and the British regime rejected the plan equally Russia had the geographical advantage and the defensive benefits would non justify the high economical toll.^[51]

Small British forces had twice occupied Baku on the Caspian in 1918, while an entire British division had occupied Batum on the Black Sea, supervising High german and Turkish withdrawal. Against Curzon's wishes, but on the advice of Sir George Milne, the commander on the spot, the CIGS Henry Wilson, who wanted to concentrate troops in U.k., Ireland, Republic of india, and Egypt,^[52] and of Churchill (Secretary of State for War), the British withdrew from Baku (the small British naval presence was also withdrawn from the Caspian Sea), at the terminate of August 1919 leaving only 3 battalions at Batum.

In Jan 1920 Curzon insisted that British troops remain in Batum, against the wishes of Wilson and the Prime Government minister. In February, while Curzon was on holiday, Wilson persuaded the Cabinet to permit withdrawal, but Curzon had the decision reversed on his return, although to Curzon's fury (he idea it "corruption of authority") Wilson gave Milne permission to withdraw if he deemed it necessary. At Cabinet on 5 May 1920 Curzon "by a long-winded jaw" (in Wilson'southward description) argued for a stay in Batum. After a British garrison at Enzeli (on the Persian Caspian coast) was taken prisoner by Bolshevik forces on xix May 1920, Lloyd George finally insisted on a withdrawal from Batum early on in June 1920. For the remainder of 1920 Curzon, supported by Milner (Colonial Secretary), argued that Britain should retain control of Persia. When Wilson asked (xv July 1920) to pull troops out of Persia to put downward the rebellion in Mesopotamia and Ireland, Lloyd George blocked the move, maxim that Curzon "would non stand information technology". In the end, financial retrenchment forced a British withdrawal from Persia in the spring of 1921.^[53]

Curzon worked on several Middle Eastern problems. He designed the Treaty of Sèvres (August 10, 1920) between the victorious Allies and Ottoman Turkey. The treaty abolished the Ottoman Empire and obliged Turkey to renounce all rights over Arab Asia and North Africa. Yet a new government in Turkey under Kemal Atatürk rejected the treaty. The Greeks invaded Turkey. Curzon tried and failed to induce the Greeks to have a compromise on the status of Smyrna and failed to strength the Turks to renounce their nationalist plan. Lloyd George tried to use force at Chanak only lost support and was forced to step downwards as prime number minister. Curzon remained equally strange government minister and helped tie downwardly loose ends in the Heart Eastward at the peace conference at Lausanne.^[54]

He helped to negotiate Egyptian independence (granted in 1922) and the division of the British Mandate of Palestine, despite the stiff disagreement he held with the policy of his predecessor Arthur Balfour,^[55] and helped create the Emirate of Transjordan for Faisal's blood brother, which may also have delayed the problems in that location. Co-ordinate to Sir David Gilmour, Curzon "was the only senior figure in the British government at the fourth dimension who foresaw that its policy would lead to decades of Arab–Jewish hostility".^[55]

During the Irish State of war of Independence, but before the introduction of martial police force in December 1920, Curzon suggested the "Indian" solution of blockading villages and imposing collective fines for attacks on the police and army.^[56]

In 1921 Curzon was created Earl of Kedleston, in the County of Derby, and Marquess Curzon of Kedleston.^[57]

In 1922, he was the chief negotiator for the Allies of the Treaty of Lausanne, which officially ended the war with the Ottoman Empire and divers the borders of Turkey.

Under Bonar Law [edit]

Dissimilar many leading Conservative members of Lloyd George'due south Coalition Cabinet, Curzon ceased to support Lloyd George over the Chanak Crisis and had just resigned when Conservative backbenchers voted at the Carlton Club meeting to end the Coalition in October 1922. Curzon was thus able to remain Foreign Secretary when Bonar Law formed a purely Conservative ministry.

In 1922–23 Curzon had to negotiate with France after French troops occupied the Ruhr to enforce the payment of German reparations; he described the French Prime Minister (and former President) Raymond Poincaré as a "horrid little man". Curzon had expansive ambitions and was non much happier with Bonar Law, whose foreign policy was based on "retrenchment and withdrawal", than he had been with Lloyd George. However he provided invaluable insight into the Middle East and was instrumental in shaping British foreign policy in that region.^[58]

Passed over for prime government minister, 1923 [edit]

On Bonar Law's retirement as prime minister in May 1923, Curzon was passed over for the job in favour of Stanley Baldwin, despite his eagerness for the job.

This decision was taken on the private advice of leading members of the political party including former Prime Minister Arthur Balfour. Balfour brash the monarch that in a autonomous age it was inappropriate for the prime government minister to be a fellow member of the House of Lords, especially when the Labour Political party, which had few peers, had become the main opposition party in the Commons. In private Balfour admitted that he was prejudiced against Curzon, whose character was objectionable to some. George V shared this prejudice. A letter of the alphabet purporting to detail the opinions of Bonar Police force but actually written by Baldwin sympathisers was delivered to the King's Individual Secretarial assistant Lord Stamfordham, though it is unclear how much affect this had in the final outcome. Curzon felt he was cheated considering J. C. C. Davidson—to whom Baldwin was loyal—and Sir Charles Waterhouse^{[ disputed (for: Mosley has the name incorrect) – hash out ]} falsely claimed to Stamfordham that Law had recommended that George 5 engage Stanley Baldwin, not Curzon, every bit his successor.^[59] Harry Bennett says Curzon's arrogance and unpopularity probably prevented him from becoming prime minister despite his brilliance, bang-up chapters for work and accomplishments.^[60]

Winston Churchill, one of Curzon's main rivals, accurately contended that Curzon "sow[ed] gratitude and resentment along his path with as lavish hands".^[61] Fifty-fifty contemporaries who envied Curzon, such every bit Baldwin, conceded that Curzon was, in the words of his biographer Leonard Mosley, "a devoted and indefatigable public servant, dedicated to the idea of Empire".^[62]

Curzon, summoned by Stamfordham, rushed to London bold he was to be appointed. He burst into tears when told the truth. He later ridiculed Baldwin as "a human being of the utmost insignificance", although he served nether Baldwin and proposed him for the leadership of the Bourgeois Party. Curzon remained strange secretary nether Baldwin until the government fell in January 1924. When Baldwin formed a new authorities in Nov 1924 he appointed Curzon Lord President of the Council.

Curzon's rejection was a turning point in the nation's political history. Henceforth Lords were barred from leading political parties and becoming prime government minister. It was now an historic period of republic that made information technology unacceptable for the prime minister to exist based in an unelected and largely powerless chamber.^[63]

Death [edit]

The final photo taken of Curzon on his way to attend a chiffonier coming together (1925)

In March 1925 Curzon suffered a severe haemorrhage of the bladder. Surgery was unsuccessful and he died in London on xx March 1925 at the historic period of 66. His coffin, fabricated from the same tree at Kedleston that had encased his beginning wife, Mary, was taken to Westminster Abbey and from in that location to his ancestral home in Derbyshire, where he was interred beside Mary in the family vault at All Saints Church on 26 March. In his will, proven on 22 July, Curzon bequeathed his estate to his married woman and his blood brother Francis; his estate was valued for probate at £343,279 10s. 4d. (roughly equivalent to £xx million in 2020)^[64].^[65]

Upon his decease the Barony, Earldom and Marquessate of Curzon of Kedleston and the Earldom of Kedleston became extinct, whilst the Viscountcy and Barony of Scarsdale were inherited past a nephew. The Barony of Ravensdale was inherited past his eldest girl Mary and is today held by his second daughter Cynthia'southward swell-grandson, Daniel Nicholas Mosley, 4th Baron Ravensdale.

At that place is now a blueish plaque on the house in London where Curzon lived and died, No. 1 Carlton Firm Terrace, Westminster.^[66]

Titles [edit]

On his appointment as Viceroy of India in 1898, he was created Baron Curzon of Kedleston, in the County of Derby. This title was created in the Peerage of Ireland to enable him to potentially return to the House of Commons, as Irish gaelic peers did not have an automatic correct to sit down in the Firm of Lords. His was the terminal championship to exist created in the Peerage of Republic of ireland. In 1908, he was elected a representative of the Irish peerage in the British Business firm of Lords, from which information technology followed that he would be a fellow member of the Firm of Lords until death; indeed, his representative peerage would continue fifty-fifty if (as proved to be the case) he subsequently received a Uk peerage entitling him to a seat in the House of Lords in his ain right.

In 1911 he was created Earl Curzon of Kedleston, Viscount Scarsdale, and Baron Ravensdale. All of these titles were in the Peerage of the Britain.

Upon his male parent'southward death in 1916, he too became 5th Baron Scarsdale, in the Peerage of Great U.k.. The championship had been created in 1761.

In the 1921 Birthday Honours, he was created Marquess Curzon of Kedleston.^[67] The title became extinct upon his death in 1925, equally he was survived past three daughters and no sons.^[68]

Assessment [edit]

Few statesmen have experienced such changes in fortune in both their public and their personal lives. David Gilmour concludes:

Curzon's career was an almost unparalleled blend of triumph and disappointment. Although he was the last and in many ways the greatest of Victorian viceroys, his term of office ended in resignation, empty of recognition and arid of reward.... he was unable to assert himself fully as Foreign Secretary until the terminal weeks of Lloyd George'due south premiership. And finally, after he had restored his reputation at Lausanne, his last appetite was thwarted past George V.^[31]

Critics generally agreed that Curzon never reached the heights that his youthful talents had seemed destined to reach. This sense of opportunities missed was summed up by Winston Churchill in his book Not bad Contemporaries (1937):

The morning had been golden; the noontide was bronze; and the evening lead. But all were polished till it shone later its mode.

Churchill also wrote there was certainly something defective in Curzon:

it was certainly non information nor application, nor power of spoken communication nor attractiveness of manner and appearance. Everything was in his equipment. You could unpack his knapsack and take an inventory item by item. Nothing on the listing was missing, yet somehow or other the total was incomplete.^[69]

His Cabinet colleague The Earl of Crawford provided a withering personal judgment in his diary; "I never knew a homo less loved by his colleagues and more hated by his subordinates, never a man so bereft of conscience, of charity or of gratitude. On the other manus the combination of power, of manufacture, and of ambition with a hateful personality is nearly without parallel. I never attended a funeral ceremony at which the congregation was so dry-eyed!"^[70]

The starting time leader of independent India, Jawaharlal Nehru, paid Curzon a surprising tribute, referring to the fact that Curzon as Viceroy exhibited real dearest of Indian civilization and ordered a restoration projection for several celebrated monuments, including the Taj Mahal:^[71]

After every other Viceroy has been forgotten, Curzon will exist remembered because he restored all that was beautiful in Republic of india.^[72]

Legacy [edit]

By special remainders, although he had no son, ii of Curzon'southward peerages survive to the present day. His barony of Ravensdale went first to his eldest daughter, Irene Curzon, 2nd Baroness Ravensdale, and so to his grandson Nicholas Mosley, both of whom sat in the House of Lords, while his Viscount Scarsdale title went to a nephew. His great-great-grandson Daniel Mosley, fourth Baron Ravensdale, is a current fellow member of the House of Lords, having been elected as a representative hereditary peer.

Curzon Hall, the domicile of the kinesthesia of science at the University of Dhaka, is named after him. Lord Curzon himself inaugurated the building in 1904.

Curzon Gate, a ceremonial gate, was erected by Maharaja Bijay Chand Mahatab in the middle of Burdwan town and was renamed to commemorate Lord Curzon's visit to the town in 1904, which was renamed every bit Bijay Toran after the independence of India in 1947.

In Kolkata, which was, as Calcutta, the capital of British India during Curzon'south tenure as viceroy, Curzon park was named in his accolade. It has since been renamed as Surendranath Park, but the onetime name is still in popular use.^{[ dubious – talk over ]}

Curzon Road, the road connecting India Gate, the memorial defended to the Indian fallen during the Great State of war of 1914–18, and Connaught Identify, in New Delhi was named after him. It has since been renamed Kasturba Gandhi Marg. The apartment buildings on the same road are even so named subsequently him.

References [edit]

1. ^ Ferguson, Niall (2004). Empire : the rise and demise of the British world guild and the lessons for global ability. New York : Basic Books. ISBN978-0-465-02329-5.
2. ^ Philip Holden, Autobiography and Decolonization: Modernity, Masculinity, and the Nation-country (2008), p. 46.
3. ^ Eton, the Raj and modern Republic of india; By Alastair Lawson; 9 March 2005; BBC News.
4. ^ ^{a b c d due east f g h} This article incorporates text from a publication at present in the public domain:Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Curzon of Kedleston, George Nathaniel, 1st Baron". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. vii (11th ed.). Cambridge Academy Press. p. 665.
5. ^ Davenport-Hines, Richard (3 Jan 2008). "Browning, Oscar". Oxford Lexicon of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/32128. His intimate, indiscreet friendship with a male child in another boarding-house, Yard. N. Curzon [...] provoked a crisis with [Headmaster] Hornby [….] Amid national controversy he was dismissed in 1875 on the pretext of administrative inefficiency simply actually because his influence was thought to be sexually contagious (Subscription or United kingdom of great britain and northern ireland public library membership required.)
6. ^ "... Oscar Browning (1837–1923), who had been sacked from Eton in September 1875 under suspicion of paederasty, partly because of his involvement with immature George Nathaniel Curzon" in Michael Kaylor, Secreted Desires (2006), p. 98.
7. ^ Mosley, Leonard (1961). Curzon: The End of an Epoch . Longmans, Green, and Co. p. (need page).
8. ^ Burton, David Henry (1990). Cecil Jump Rice: A Diplomat's Life. Page 22: Fairleigh Dickinson Univ Press. ISBN978-0-8386-3395-3. {{cite volume}}: CS1 maint: location (link)
9. ^ ^{a b} "Lord Curzon | Biography & Facts". Encyclopedia Britannica . Retrieved two June 2020.
10. ^ Mosley, Leonard (1961). Curzon: The End of an Epoch . Longmans, Dark-green, and Co. p. 26.
11. ^ Mosley, Leonard (1961). Curzon: The End of an Epoch . Longmans, Green, and Co. p. 43.
12. ^ Mosley, Leonard (1961). Curzon: The End of an Epoch .
13. ^ Curzon, Russian federation in Cardinal Asia (1967), p. 314.
14. ^ Curzon, Russia in Key Asia (1967), p. 272.
15. ^ Denis Wright, "Curzon and Persia," The Geographical Journal 153#3 (Nov 1987): 343.
16. ^ Curzon, Russian federation in Central Asia p. 277.
17. ^ Denis Wright, "Curzon and Persia," The Geographical Journal 153#3 (November 1987):346.
18. ^ Wright, "Curzon and Persia," pp 346–7
19. ^ Brockway, Thomas P (1941). "Uk and the Persian Bubble, 1888–1892". The Journal of Modern History. 13 (1): 46. doi:10.1086/243919. S2CID 144405914.
20. ^ George North. Curzon, Persia and the Persian Question (Volume 1). New York: Barnes & Noble, 1966, p 605.
21. ^ Maximilian Genealogy Main Database, Mary Victoria LEITER, 2000 Archived 6 March 2008 at the Wayback Motorcar
22. ^ "(Catalogue ref: Re-create i/59 f.371)". National Archives.
23. ^ "No. 27016". The London Gazette. 21 October 1898. p. 6140.
24. ^ M. East. Yapp, "British Perceptions of the Russian Threat to India," Modern Asian Studies 21#4 (1987): 655.
25. ^ Yapp, pp 655, 664.
26. ^ Matless, David (28 September 2006). "Younghusband, Sir Francis Edward". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:ten.1093/ref:odnb/37084. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
27. ^ "George Curzon, 1st Marquess Curzon of Kedleston Quotes".
28. ^ Judd, Dennis (2004). Lion and Tiger:The Rise and fall of British Empire 1600 to 1947. ISBN0192803581.
29. ^ Reid 2006, p116
30. ^ The Rt. Hon. The Earl of Ronaldshay. The Life of Curszon Vol.3.
31. ^ ^{a b} Gilmour, David (6 Jan 2011). "Curzon, George Nathaniel, Marquess Curzon of Kedleston". Oxford Lexicon of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford Academy Press. doi:x.1093/ref:odnb/32680. (Subscription or Uk public library membership required.)
32. ^ "No. 28547". The London Gazette. 3 November 1911. p. 7951.
33. ^ Winterman, Denise (seven March 2013). "The human who demolished Shakespeare's house". BBC News.
34. ^ Woodward, 1998, pp113, 118–ix
35. ^ Woodward, 1998, p.16
36. ^ Groot 1988, p.226–7
37. ^ Woodward, 1998, pp.155–7
38. ^ Woodward, 1998, pp134, 159–61,
39. ^ Woodward, 1998, p.200
40. ^ The Church of England. "Prayers and Thanksgivings". The Book of Common Prayer (1662) . Retrieved 29 May 2020.
41. ^ Channel iv history microsites: Bodiam Castle
42. ^ Michael Pes: Aneurin Bevan
43. ^ Johnson, Gaynor "Preparing for Function: Lord Curzon as Acting Strange Secretary, Jan- Oct 1919." Contemporary British History xviii.3 (2004): 56.
44. ^ G.H. Bennett, "Lloyd George, Curzon and the Command of British Foreign Policy 1919–22," Australian Journal of Politics & History 45#4 (1999): 479.
45. ^ Bennett, G.H. (1999). "Lloyd George, Curzon and the Control of British Strange Policy 1919–22". Australian Journal of Politics & History. 45 (4): 472. doi:10.1111/1467-8497.00076.
46. ^ Precipitous, Alan "Adapting to a New World? British Foreign Policy in the 1920s." Contemporary British History 18.3 (2004): 76.
47. ^ Bennett, G.H. (1999). "Lloyd George, Curzon and the Control of British Strange Policy 1919–22". Australian Journal of Politics & History. 45 (4): 473. doi:10.1111/1467-8497.00076.
48. ^ Gaynor Johnson, "Preparing for Part: Lord Curzon as Acting Foreign Secretary, January–October 1919", Contemporary British History, vol. 18, n°3, 2004, pp. 53–73.
49. ^ Sarah Meiklejohn Terry (1983). Poland's Identify in Europe: General Sikorski and the Origin of the Oder-Neisse Line, 1939–1943. Princeton University Printing. p. 121. ISBN9781400857173.
50. ^ Yapp, p. 654.
51. ^ Yapp, p. 653.
52. ^ Jeffery 2006, pp. 251–252.
53. ^ Jeffery 2006, pp. 233–234, 247–251.
54. ^ Domna Visvizi-Dontas, "The Centrolineal powers and the Eastern Question 1921-1923." Balkan Studies 17.2 (1976): 331-357 online.
55. ^ ^{a b} Gilmour, David (1996). "The Unregarded Prophet: Lord Curzon and the Palestine Question". Journal of Palestine Studies. 25 (3): 60–68. doi:10.2307/2538259. JSTOR 2538259.
56. ^ Jeffery 2006, pp. 266–267.
57. ^ "No. 32376". The London Gazette. i July 1921. p. 5243.
58. ^ Bennett, "Lloyd George, Curzon and the Control of British Foreign Policy 1919–22," p. 477.
59. ^ Mosley, Leonard (1961). Curzon: The End of an Epoch . pp. 264–275.
60. ^ Harry Bennett, "Lord Curzon of Kedleston: 'Easily misunderstood' and 'Easily misrepresented'," The Historian, No. 49, 1996. pp. 17-nineteen.
61. ^ Winston S. Churchill, Great Contemporaries,
62. ^ Mosley, Leonard (1961). Curzon: The End of an Epoch . p. 288.
63. ^ Chris Cooper, "Heir not Apparent: Douglas Hailsham, the role of the Business firm of Lords, and the Succession to the Conservative Leadership 1928–31." Parliamentary History 31.2 (2012): 206-229.
64. ^ UK Retail Price Alphabetize inflation figures are based on data from Clark, Gregory (2017). "The Annual RPI and Average Earnings for Britain, 1209 to Present (New Series)". MeasuringWorth . Retrieved 2 December 2021.
65. ^ "Curzon of Kedleston". probatesearchservice.gov. Britain Government. 1925. Retrieved 7 August 2019.
66. ^ "George Nathaniel Curzon bluish plaque". openplaques.org. Retrieved 13 May 2013.
67. ^ "No. 32346". The London Gazette (Supplement). 4 June 1921. p. 4529.
68. ^ "Lord Curzon: A Great Career". The Times. 21 March 1925. p. vii.
69. ^ Churchill, Great Contemporaries, Chapter on Curzon
70. ^ Lindsay, p. 507.
71. ^ Roy, Amit (15 January 2005). "Reviled-Curzon-name-wins-new-respect-in-India". telegraph.co.uk. Archived from the original on 12 January 2022. Retrieved 29 August 2017.
72. ^ "When Curzon rescued Ahmedabad's icon". timesofindia.indiatimes.com. Retrieved v July 2017.

Bibliography [edit]

George Nathaniel Curzon's writings [edit]

• Curzon, Russia in Cardinal Asia in 1889 and the Anglo-Russian Question (1889) Frank Cass & Co. Ltd., London (reprinted Cass, 1967), Adamant Media Corporation; ISBN 978-one-4021-7543-5 (27 Feb 2001) Reprint (Paperback) Details
• Curzon, Persia and the Western farsi Question (1892) Longmans, Light-green, and Co., London and New York.; facsimile reprint:
  • Volume 1 (Paperback) by George Nathaniel Curzon, Adamant Media Corporation; ISBN 978-1-4021-6179-7 (22 October 2001) Abstract
  • Volume ii (Paperback) by George Nathaniel Curzon, Adamant Media Corporation; ISBN 978-one-4021-6178-0 (22 Oct 2001) Abstruse
• Curzon, On the Indian Frontier, Edited with an introduction by Dhara Anjaria; (Oxford U.P. 2011) 350 pages ISBN 978-0-19-906357-4
• Curzon, Problems of the Far Eastward (1894; new ed., 1896) George Nathaniel Curzon Problems of the Far East. Japan -Korea – China, reprint; ISBN 1-4021-8480-8, ISBN 978-ane-4021-8480-ii (25 December 2000) Adamant Media Corporation (Paperback)Abstract
• Curzon, The Pamirs and the Source of the Oxus, 1897, The Royal Geographical Gild. Geographical Journal eight (1896): 97–119, 239–63. A thorough study of the region's history and people and of the British–Russian conflict of involvement in Turkestan based on Curzon's travels there in 1894. Reprint (paperback): Adamant Media Corporation, ISBN 978-1-4021-5983-ane (22 April 2002) Abstract. Unabridged reprint (2005): Elbiron Classics, Adamant Media Corporation; ISBN 1-4021-5983-eight (pbk); ISBN ane-4021-3090-2 (hardcover).
• Curzon, The Romanes Lecture 1907, FRONTIERS by the Correct Hon Lord Curzon of Kedleston G.C.Due south.I., Thousand.C.I.E., PC, D.C.50., LL.D., F.R.S., All Souls College, Chancellor of the University, Delivered in the Sheldonian Theatre, Oxford, ii November 1907 full text.
• Curzon, Tales of Travel. First published by Hodder & Stoughton 1923 (Century Classic Ser.) London, Century. 1989, Facsimile Reprint; ISBN 0-7126-2245-4; reprint with foreword by Lady Alexandra Metcalfe, Introduction past Peter Rex. A choice of Curzon's travel writing including essays on Egypt, Transitional islamic state of afghanistan, Persia, Iran, India, Republic of iraq Waterfalls, etc. (includes the future viceroy'southward monkeyshines into Afghanistan to meet the "Atomic number 26 Emir", Abdu Rahman Khan, in 1894)
• Curzon, Bodiam Castle Sussex. A Historical & Descriptive Survey Jonathan Greatcoat, London, (1926)^[1]
• Curzon and H. Avray Tipping, 'Tattershall Castle, Lincolnshire: A Historical & Descriptive Survey by the Late Marquis Curzon of Kedleston, 1000.G. and H. Avray Tipping, 1929, Jonathan Cape, London, (Finished by Henry Avray Tipping after Curzon's death)^[ii]
• Curzon, Travels with a Superior Person, London, Sidgwick & Jackson. 1985, Reprint; ISBN 978-0-283-99294-0, Hardcover, illustrated with 90 contemporary photographs nearly of them from Curzon's own collection (includes Hellenic republic in the Eighties, pp. 78–84; edited by Peter King; introduced by Elizabeth, Countess Longford)

Secondary sources [edit]

• Bennet, One thousand. H. (1995). British Foreign Policy During the Curzon Flow, 1919–1924. New York: St. Martin's Printing. ISBN 0-312-12650-6.
• Carrington, Michael. Officers, Gentlemen, and Murderers: Lord Curzon's campaign confronting 'collisions' between Indians and Europeans, 1899–1905,Modern Asian Studies 47:03, May 2013, pp. 780–819.
• Carrington, Michael. A PhD thesis, Empire and dominance: Curzon, collisions, character and the Raj, 1899–1905. Discusses a number of interesting issues raised during Curzon's Viceroyalty (available through British Library).
• De Groot, Gerard Douglas Haig 1861–1928 (Larkfield, Maidstone: Unwin Hyman, 1988)
• Dilks, David; Curzon in Bharat (2 volumes, 1970) online edition
• Edwardes, Michael. "The Viceroyalty Of Lord Curzon" History Today (Dec 1962) 12#12 pp 833–844
• Edwardes, Michael. High Noon of Empire: Republic of india nether Curzon (1965)
• Gilmour, David (1994). Curzon: Royal Statesman. Farrar, Straus & Giroux. excerpt and text search
• Gilmour, David. "Curzon, George Nathaniel, Marquess Curzon of Kedleston (1859–1925)" Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 2004; online edn, January 2011 accessed 30 Sept 2014 doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/32680
• Goudie A. S. (1980). "George Nathaniel Curzon: Superior Geographer", The Geographical Periodical, 146, 2 (1980): 203–209, doi:10.2307/632861 Abstruse
• Goradia, Nayana. Lord Curzon The Last of the British Moghuls (1993) full text online costless.
• Jeffery, Keith (2006). Field Marshal Sir Henry Wilson: A Political Soldier. Oxford University Press. ISBN978-0-19-820358-ii.
• Katouzian, Homa. "The Entrada Against the Anglo-Iranian Agreement of 1919." British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies 25 (1) (1998): v–46.
• Loades, David, ed. Reader'south Guide to British History (2003) 1:324-25; historiography
• Lindsay, David (1984). John Vincent (ed.). The Crawford Papers: The journals of David Lindsay, twenty-seventh Earl of Crawford and tenth Earl of Balcarres 1871–1940 during the years 1892 to 1940. Manchester: Manchester University Printing. ISBN978-0-71900-948-eight.
• McLane, John R. "The Decision to Partition Bengal in 1905", Indian Economic and Social History Review, July 1965, ii#3, pp 221–237
• Mosley, Leonard Oswald. The glorious fault: The life of Lord Curzon (1960)online
• Nicolson, Harold George (1934). Curzon: The Terminal Phase, 1919–1925: A Study in Mail-war Diplomacy. London: Constable. ISBN 9780571258925
• Reid, Walter. Builder of Victory: Douglas Haig (Birlinn Ltd, Edinburgh, 2006.) ISBN 1-84158-517-3
• Ronaldshay, Earl of (1927). The Life of Lord Curzon. (2 volumes; London)
• Rose, Kenneth. Superior Person: A Portrait of Curzon and His Circle in Late Victorian England, Weidenfeld & Nicolson History, ISBN 1842122339
• Ross, Christopher North. B. "Lord Curzon and East. Chiliad. Browne Confront the 'Persian Question'", Historical Journal, 52, 2 (2009): 385–411, doi:10.1017/S0018246X09007511
• Woodward, David R, Field Marshal Sir William Robertson, Westport Connecticut & London: Praeger, 1998, ISBN 0-275-95422-6
• Wright, Denis. "Curzon and Persia". The Geographical Journal 153 (3) (1987): 343–350.

External links [edit]

• Assay of George Curzon every bit Viceroy
• Hansard 1803–2005: contributions in Parliament by the Marquess Curzon of Kedleston
• India under Curzon and after, Past Lovat Fraser, Published past William Heinemann, London – 1911.Digital Rare Book :
• Bug of the Far East: Japan – Korea – China by George Curzon, 1st Marquess Curzon of Kedleston at archive.org
• Modern parliamentary eloquence; the Rede lecture, delivered before the University of Cambridge, 6 Nov 1913 by George Curzon, 1st Marquess Curzon of Kedleston at archive.org
• Russia In Cardinal Asia In 1889 by George Curzon, 1st Marquess Curzon of Kedleston at archive.org
• Works by George Curzon, 1st Marquess Curzon of Kedleston at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks)
• War poems and other translations by George Curzon, 1st Marquess Curzon of Kedleston at archive.org
• "Archival material relating to George Curzon, 1st Marquess Curzon of Kedleston". UK National Archives.
• George Nathaniel CURZON was born 11 Jan 1859. He died 20 Mar 1925. George married Mary Victoria LEITER on 22 Apr 1895
• Newspaper clippings nigh George Curzon, 1st Marquess Curzon of Kedleston in the 20th Century Press Athenaeum of the ZBW

Parliament of the United Kingdom
Preceded by George Augustus Pilkington	Fellow member of Parliament for Southport 1886–98	Succeeded past Sir Herbert Naylor-Leyland, Bt
Political offices
Preceded by Sir John Eldon Gorst	Under-Secretary of State for Bharat 1891–92	Succeeded by George W. Due east. Russell
Preceded by Sir Edward Gray, Bt	Under-Secretary of Country for Foreign Affairs 1895–98	Succeeded by Hon. St John Brodrick
Preceded by The Earl of Derby equally Chairman of the Joint War Air Committee	President of the Air Board 1916–1917	Succeeded by The Viscount Cowdray
Preceded past The Marquess of Crewe	Lord Privy Seal 1915–1916	Succeeded by The Earl of Crawford
	Leader of the House of Lords 1916–1924	Succeeded by The Viscount Haldane
	Lord President of the Quango 1916–1919	Succeeded past Arthur James Balfour
Preceded by Arthur James Balfour	Strange Secretary 1919–1924	Succeeded by Ramsay MacDonald
Preceded by The Lord Parmoor	Lord President of the Council 1924–1925	Succeeded by Arthur James Balfour
Preceded by The Viscount Haldane	Leader of the House of Lords 1924–1925	Succeeded past The 4th Marquess of Salisbury
Government offices
Preceded by The Earl of Elgin	Viceroy of India 1899–1905	Succeeded by The Earl of Minto
Party political offices
Preceded past The Marquess of Lansdowne	Leader of the Conservative Political party in the House of Lords 1916–1925	Succeeded by The 4th Marquess of Salisbury
Preceded by Bonar Law	Leader of the British Conservative Party with Austen Chamberlain 1921–1922	Succeeded by Bonar Law
Honorary titles
Preceded by The 3rd Marquess of Salisbury	Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports 1904–1905	Succeeded past The Prince of Wales
Academic offices
Preceded by Viscount Goschen	Chancellor of the Academy of Oxford 1907–1925	Succeeded by Viscount Cavern
Preceded by H. H. Asquith	Rector of the University of Glasgow 1908—1911	Succeeded by Augustine Birrell
Peerage of the United Kingdom
New creation	Marquess Curzon of Kedleston 1921–1925	Extinct
	Earl Curzon of Kedleston 1911–1925
	Viscount Scarsdale 1911–1925	Succeeded by Richard Curzon
	Businesswoman Ravensdale 1911–1925	Succeeded past Irene Curzon
Peerage of Uk
Preceded by Alfred Curzon	Baron Scarsdale 1916–1925	Succeeded by Richard Curzon
Peerage of Ireland
New creation	Businesswoman Curzon of Kedleston 1898–1925	Extinct
Preceded by The Lord Kilmaine	Representative peer for Republic of ireland 1908–1925	Office lapsed

1. ^ "George Nathaniel Curzon, Marquess of Curzon of Kedleston (1859-1925) - Bodiam Castle, Sussex : a historical and descriptive survey / by the Marquis Curzon of Kedleston". world wide web.rct.uk . Retrieved 24 Apr 2021.
2. ^ Marquess George Nathaniel Curzon Curzon of Kedleston and Henry Avray Tipping Tattershall Castle, Lincolnshire: A Historical & Descriptive Survey by the by the Belatedly Marquis Curzon of Kedleston, K.1000. and H. Avray Tipping (1929) at Google Books

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Curzon,_1st_Marquess_Curzon_of_Kedleston

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